湖南自考00015英语（二）短文写作知识点备考资料

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　　短文写作

　　一、基本写作步骤

　　1.审题

　　所谓审题，就是审清作文的要求和所给的材料，如图表说明、关键词、段首句、提纲等等。

　　审题是写作的第一步，也是文章成功的关键所在之一。在考试之中，由于时间仓促，心情紧张，匆忙审题，造成离题万里的现象屡见不鲜。因此可以说能否审清题意是作文、乃至考试成败的关键。在平时进行写作练习的时候，就要有意识地养成认真审题，仔细研究的良好习惯。

　　弄清作文要求之后，就要确定文章的主题思想。主题思想明确、深刻，才能确保文章言之有物，顺理成章。围绕主题去构思、写作文章，才能思路清晰，不致节外生枝离题万里。

　　2.提纲

　　提纲有利于作者理清思路。尤其在考场上，根据提纲写作，能写出层次分明，逻辑性强，表意清晰的好文章，可避免考试时由于情绪紧张而造成的不应有的失误。

　　提纲有多种类型，可详可略，写作时也可根据自己的经验和特点编写适合于自己的提纲。常见的提纲种类有罗列式提纲、主题式提纲、句子式提纲。所谓罗列式提纲，就是根据题目和所给材料，围绕中心思想，罗列一系列相关的词、短语或句子。主题式提纲比较简略，只写出文章的主题思想即可，写作时依据主题思想，围绕重点，进行扩充和展开。句子式提纲比较详细，顾名思义，就是用句子把文章的主要观点写出来。

　　3.成文

　　文章的组织结构：一定要按所列提纲写。一般分为开头、正文、结尾 3 部分

　　(1)开头;如引语法、主题句法、提问法、事例法、描述法等。

　　常用句式：

　　①

　　There is an old /popular saying /proverb which says /goes…..

　　②

　　Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the importance/

　　seriousness of …

　　③There are different opinions among people as to …Some believe … Others, however, disagree with it. They think…

　　④….has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

　　⑤ One of our ancient philosophers said, …..Chinese people have always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.

　　(2) 主体： 要注意启承转合，常用句型：

　　① On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ……. They believe

　　…..Moreover, they think…..

　　② There are many ways to ….. First, _____. Second _____. Finally, ______.

　　③ Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to _____.

　　For one thing, ____. For another, ______. Finally, _______. (也可用于结尾)

　　④ Although the popular belief is a fact, a current study(survey/investigation)

　　indicates that...

　　(3) 结尾

　　总结文章的主要内容，或者提出希望或展望未来，或者对文章提出的观点进行反问，启发读者思考。如：An open China has realized the

　　importance of business. Why should we give up this opportunity and rely on agriculture?

　　常用句型：

　　① From what has been discussed /mentioned above, we may conclude that…

　　② Therefore, it is not difficult to draw /come to the conclusion that….

　　③ Only in this way/ in doing so, can sth. be really ….

　　④ Given the reasons /consideration I have just outlined/ discussed/ presented, I strongly recommend that …..

　　无论是何种类型，英语(二)作文基本上是三段式作文，根据不同的类型，三段的写法不同。 所用的模式也不同。

　　二、各类型作文的写法和常用句型

　　(一)图表 / 看图作文

　　1. 写作模式：描述图表/图画-分析图表/图画-总结全文(也可以展望未来或发出倡议或表明自己的态度)

　　2. 常用句型：

　　(1)表示说明的开篇句式：

　　As we can see from the chart / graph / table/ picture…

　　The chart/graph/ table displays/ illustrates/ describes/ indicates/ points out that …

　　It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table/ graph that…

　　The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that …

　　The table/chart /graph shows (that) …

　　According to the table/chart /graph, …

　　As is shown in the table/chart /graph, …

　　As can be seen from the table/chart/ graph/picture, …

　　It can be seen from the figures/statistics that …

　　We can see from the figures/statistics that …

　　As we can see in this picture, …

　　This picture shows that …

　　(2)描述图表的句式：

　　A takes up/ occupies/ accounts for 20% of the total population/ output/ income/ expenditure/ consumption.

　　On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 60%.

　　On the bottom is …, which takes up 20%.

　　Compared with A, B has a higher percentage.